Biopharma

INTRODUCTION TO FERMENTER / FERMENTOR Fermenter: Fermenter can be defined as an organism that causes fermentation. Fermentor: Fermentor can be defined as an apparatus which provide physiological enviroment for the growth of microorganism or an apparatus in which fermentation takes place. Bioreactor: Bioreactor is an apparatus that provides right environment for the growth of organism (Eukaryotic cells) OR Bioreactor is a device where cells are grow to produce desired products . In general fermenter is a device used for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells while bioreactor is a device used for the cultivation of eukaryotic cells. Fermentation:  Fermentation is a metabolic process where organisms (yeast/microbes) convert glucose to acid, gases or alcohol in absence of oxygen. Industrial Fermentation: Fermentation is a process where organisms used typically grown on a large scale to produce valuable commercial products or to carry out important chemical trans...

PROTEIN ASSAY QUANTITATIVE METHODS Copper Ion Based Assays (Lowry & BCA)   In copper ion based assay protein solution mixed with alkaline solution of copper salt. In  alkaline conditions, cupric ions (Cu2+) react with peptide bonds and reduce to cuprous ions (Cu+). If the alkaline copper is in excess over the amount of peptide bonds, some of the cupric ions (Cu2+) will remain unbound to the peptide bonds and are available for detection. Protein assays based on copper ions can be divided into two groups, assays that detect reduced cuprous ions (Cu+) and assays that detect the unbound cupric (Cu2+) ions. The cuprous ions (Cu+) are detected either with bicinchoninic acid (BCA) or Folin Reagent (phosphomolybdic / phosphotungstic acid) as in the protein assays based on Lowry method.  Lowry Method As discussed above its two step reaction in first step Cu+2 reduced under alkaline condition to Cu+1 which form complex with peptide bonds. In second step  Cupr...

INTRODUCTION TO TANGENTIAL FLOW FILTRATION Filtration : Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids from fluids. Filtration divided in two types, 1)       Normal flow filtration (NFF): Also, called c artridge or dead end filtration, in this flow is perpendicular to the filter media, Particles retained in/on filter.        2)    Tangential flow filtration (TFF): Also called Cross flow filtration in this flow is tangential (parallel) to the filter surface, a small percentage of the fluid flows through the filter media and retained particles are swept away from filter surface. Basic Terminology Pressure Drop ( Δ P= Pf – Pr ) : Difference in pressure along membrane feed channel, it can be determined by using equation Δ P= Pf – Pr   where Pf = feed pressure and Pr = retentate pressure. Transmembrane Pressure TMP = (P feed + P retantate...